Romance verbs

Romance verbs refers to the verbs of the Romance languages. In the transition from Latin to the Romance languages, verbs went through many phonetic, syntactic, and semantic changes. Most of the distinctions present in classical Latin continued to be made, but synthetic forms were often replaced with analytic ones. Other verb forms changed meaning, and new forms also appeared.

1 Morphological changes
- 1.1 Comparison of conjugations
- 1.2 The copula
2 Semantic changes
3 Periphrases
4 See also
5 References

Morphological changes

Comparison of conjugations

The following tables present a comparison of the conjugation of the regular verb amare "to love" in Classical Latin, and Vulgar Latin (reconstructed), and four modern Romance languages.

	Latin	Proto-Italo-Western	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	French
Infinitive	amāre	amare	amar	amar	amare	aimer
Indicative Present	amō amās amat amāmus amātis amant	amo amas ama amamos amates aman	amo amas ama amamos amáis aman	amo amas ama amamos amais amam	amo ami ama amiamo amate amano	aime aimes aime aimons aimez aiment
Preterite	amāvī amāvistī amāvit amāvimus amāvistis amāvērunt	amai amasti amaut amammos amastes amaront	amé amaste amó amamos amasteis amaron	amei amaste amou amámos amastes amaram	amai amasti amò amammo amaste amarono	aimai aimas aima aimâmes aimâtes aimèrent¹
Imperfect	amābam amābās amābat amābāmus amābātis amābant	amaba amabas amaba amabamos amabates amaban	amaba amabas amaba amábamos amabais amaban	amava amavas amava amávamos amáveis amavam	amavo amavi amava amavamo amavate amavano	aimais aimais aimait aimions aimiez aimaient
Pluperfect	amāveram amāveras amāverat amāverāmus amāverātis amāverant	amara amaras amara amaramos amarates amaran	amara amaras amara amáramos amarais amaran²	amara amaras amara amáramos amáreis amaram	-	-
Future	amābō amābis amābit amābimus amābitis amābunt	-	-	-	-	-
Future Perfect	amāverō amāveris amāverit amāverimus amāveritis amāverint	amare amares amare amaremos amaretes amaren	amare amares amare amáremos amareis amaren^3,6	amar amares amar amarmos amardes amarem³	-	-
Subjunctive Present	amem amēs amet amēmus amētis ament	ame ames ame amemos ametes amen	ame ames ame amemos améis amen	ame ames ame amemos ameis amem	ami ami ami amiamo amiate amino	aime aimes aime aimions aimiez aiment
Perfect	amāverim amāveris amaverit amāverimus amāveritis amāverint	-	-	-	-	-
Imperfect	amārem amārēs amāret amārēmus amārētis amārent	amare amares amare amaremos amaretes amaren	-	amar amares amar amarmos amardes amarem⁴	-	-
Pluperfect	amāvissem amāvissēs amāvisset amāvissēmus amāvissētis amāvissent	amasse amasses amasse amassemos amassetes amassen	amase amases amase amásemos amáseis amasen⁵	amasse amasses amasse amássemos amásseis amassem⁵	amassi amassi amasse amassimo amaste amassero⁵	aimasse aimasses aimât aimassions aimassiez aimassent^5,6

Literary.
Its meaning has mostly shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in modern Spanish. It is now usually interchangeable with amase, amases, amase, etc. Nevertheless, a few rare uses as a pluperfect subsist.
Its meaning has shifted to that of a future subjunctive in Spanish and Portuguese.
Reanalysed as a personal infinitive.
Its meaning has shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in most Romance languages. But note the normal use, in modern south-eastern Umbrian of amassimo instead of standard Italian amammo to express an indicative past perfect.
Disused.

The copula

Main article: Romance copula

While the passive voice became completely periphrastic in Romance, the active voice has been morphologically preserved to a greater or lesser extent. The tables below compare the conjugation of the Latin verbs SVM and STO in the active voice with that of the Romance copulae, their descendants. For simplicity, only the 1st. person singular is listed for finite forms. Note that certain forms in romance languages come from the suppletive verb SEDEO (to be sit down) instead of SVM, e.g. subjunctive present: SEDEA > sia, sea, seja... (mediaeval Galician-Portuguese, for instance, had double forms in the whole conjugation: sou/sejo, era/sia, fui/sevi, fora/severa, fosse/sevesse...)

Indicative
	Latin		Italian		French	Spanish		Portuguese
Present	SVM	STO	sono	sto	suis	soy	estoy	sou	estou
Perfect/Preterite	FVI	STETI	fui	stetti	fus	fui	estuve	fui	estive
Imperfect	ERAM	STABAM	ero	stavo	étais	era	estaba	era	estava
Pluperfect	FVERAM	STETERAM	-	-	-	fuera	estuviera	fora	estivera
Future¹	ERO	STABO	sarò	starò	serai	seré	estaré	serei	estarei
Subjunctive
Present	SIM	STEM	sia	stia	sois	sea	esté	seja	esteja
Perfect/Preterite²	FVERIM	STETERIM	-	-	-	fuera	estuviera	for	estiver
Imperfect	ESSEM	STAREM	-	-	-	-	-	ser	estar
Pluperfect	FVISSEM	STETISSEM	fossi	stessi	fusse	fuese	estuviese	fosse	estivesse
Non-finite
Infinitive	ESSE	STARE	essere	stare	être	ser	estar	ser	estar
Supine	-	STATVM	stato	stato	été	sido	estado	sido	estado
Gerund	ESENDVM	STANDVM	essendo	stando	étant	siendo	estando	sendo	estando

Indicative
	Latin		Catalan		Sicilian		Romansh	Romanian
Present	SVM	STO	sóc	estic	sugnu	staiu	sun	sunt
Perfect/Preterite	FVI	STETI	fui	estiguí	fui	stesi	-	fui, fusei
Imperfect	ERAM	STABAM	era	estava	era	stava	era	eram
Pluperfect	FVERAM	STETERAM	fóra	estigués	fora	-	-	-
Future¹	ERO	STABO	seré	estaré	-	-	-	-
Subjunctive
Present	SIM	STEM	sigui, siga	estigi, estiga	-	-	saja	să fiu
Pluperfect	FVISSEM	STETISSEM	fos	estigués	fussi	stassi	fiss	fusesem
Non-finite
Infinitive	ESSE	STARE	ser, ésser	estar	siri	stari	esser	fire, a fi
Supine	-	STATVM	estat, sigut, sét	estat	statu	statu	stà	fost
Gerund	ESENDVM	STANDVM	sent, essent	estant	sennu	stannu	essend, siond	fiind

The future indicative tense does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + HABEO periphrasis, later reanalysed as a simple tense.
Formally identical to the future perfect indicative except in the first person singular. The two paradigms merged in Vulgar Latin.

Semantic changes

In spite of the remarkable continuity of form, several Latin tenses have changed meaning, especially subjunctives.

The supine became a past participle in all Romance languages.
The pluperfect indicative became a conditional in Catalan and Sicilian, and an imperfect subjunctive in Spanish.
The pluperfect subjunctive developed into an imperfect subjunctive in all languages except Romansh, where it became a conditional, and Romanian, where it became a pluperfect indicative.
The perfect subjunctive became a future subjunctive in Old Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician.
The imperfect subjunctive became a personal infinitive in Portuguese and Galician.^[1]

Periphrases

In many cases, the empty cells in the tables above exist as distinct compound verbs in the modern languages. Thus, the main tense and mood distinctions in classical Latin are still made in most modern Romance languages, though some are now expressed through compound rather than simple verbs. Some examples, from Romanian:

Perfect indicative: am fost, ai fost, a fost, am fost ați fost, au fost;
Future indicative: voi fi, vei fi, va fi, vom fi, veți fi, vor fi;
Future perfect indicative: voi fi fost, vei fi fost, va fi fost, vom fi fost, veți fi fost, vor fi fost.

New forms also developed, such as the conditional, which in most Romance languages started out as a periphrasis, but later became a simple tense. In Romanian, the conditional is still periphrastic: aș fi, ai fi, ar fi, am fi, ați fi, ar fi.

References

^ WILLIAMS, E.B. From Latin to Portuguese